Organic Chemistry by I L Finar volume 2

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Advices for Studying Organic chemistry

Advices for Studying Organic chemistry

 

1.   Keep up with your studying day to day –– never let yourself get behind, or better yet, be a little ahead of your instructor.  Organic chemistry is a course in which one idea almost always builds on another that has gone before.

2.   Study materials in small units, and be sure that you understand each new section before you go on to the next.  Because of the cumulative nature of organic chemistry, your studying will be much more effective if you take each new idea as it comes and try to understand it completely before you move onto the nest concept.

3.   Work all of the in-chapter and assigned problems. 

4.   Write when you study.  Write the reactions, mechanisms, structures, and so on, over and over again.  You need to know the material so thoroughly that you can explain it to someone else.  This level of understanding comes to most of us (those of us without photographic memories) through writing.  Only by writing the reaction mechanisms do we pay sufficient attention to their details:

1)   which atoms are connected to which atoms.

2)   which bonds break in a reaction and which bonds form.

3)   the three-dimensional aspects of the structure.

5.   Learning by teaching and explaining (教學相長).  Study with your student peers and practice explaining concepts and mechanisms to each other.

6.   Use the answers to the problems in the Study Guide in the proper way:

1)   Use the Study Guide to check your answer after you have finished a problem.

2)   Use the Study Guide for a clue when you are completely stuck.

      The value of a problem is in solving it!

7.   Use the introductory material in the Study Guide entitled “Solving the puzzle –– or –– Structure is everything (Almost)” as a bridge from general chemistry to your beginning study of organic chemistry.  Once you have a firm understanding of structure, the puzzle of organic chemistry can become one of very manageable size and comprehensible pieces.

8.   Use molecular models when you study.

protein folding problem

CSIR NET JRF CHEMITRY SYLLABUS FROM 2011

The syllabus for CSIR NET and GATE exams including other exams for Ph.D entrance exams is almost same. The common syllabus for both part B & C of CSIR NET exam in chemical sciences is given below.

Inorganic Chemistry :

1. Chemical periodicity
2. Structure and bonding in homo- and heteronuclear molecules, including shapes of molecules (VSEPR Theory).
3. Concepts of acids and bases, Hard-Soft acid base concept, Non-aqueous solvents.
4. Main group elements and their compounds: Allotropy, synthesis, structure and bonding, industrial importance of the compounds.
5. Transition elements and coordination compounds: structure, bonding theories, spectral and magnetic properties, reaction mechanisms.
6. Inner transition elements: spectral and magnetic properties, redox chemistry, analytical applications.
7. Organometallic compounds: synthesis, bonding and structure, and reactivity. Organometallics in homogeneous catalysis.
8. Cages and metal clusters.
9. Analytical chemistry- separation, spectroscopic, electro- and thermoanalytical methods.
10. Bioinorganic chemistry: photosystems, porphyrins, metalloenzymes, oxygen transport, electron- transfer reactions; nitrogen fixation, metal complexes in medicine.
11. Characterisation of inorganic compounds by IR, Raman, NMR, EPR, Mössbauer, UV-vis, NQR, MS, electron spectroscopy and microscopic techniques.
12. Nuclear chemistry: nuclear reactions, fission and fusion, radio-analytical techniques and activation analysis.

Physical Chemistry:

1. Basic principles of quantum mechanics: Postulates; operator algebra; exactly- solvable systems: particle-in-a-box, harmonic oscillator and the hydrogen atom, including shapes of atomic orbitals; orbital and spin angular momenta; tunneling. 
2. Approximate methods of quantum mechanics: Variational principle; perturbation theory up to second order in energy; applications. 
3. Atomic structure and spectroscopy; term symbols; many-electron systems and anti-symmetry principle. 
4. Chemical bonding in diatomics; elementary concepts of MO and VB theories; Huckel theory for conjugated p-electron systems. 
5. Chemical applications of group theory; symmetry elements; point groups; character tables; selection rules.
6. Molecular spectroscopy: Rotational and vibrational spectra of diatomic molecules; electronic spectra; IR and Raman activities – selection rules; basic principles of magnetic resonance. 
7. Chemical thermodynamics: Laws, state and path functions and their applications; thermodynamic description of various types of processes; Maxwell’s relations; spontaneity and equilibria; temperature and pressure dependence of thermodynamic quantities; Le Chatelier principle; elementary description of phase transitions; phase equilibria and phase rule; thermodynamics of ideal and non-ideal gases, and solutions. 
8. Statistical thermodynamics: Boltzmann distribution; kinetic theory of gases; partition functions and their relation to thermodynamic quantities – calculations for model systems. 
9. Electrochemistry: Nernst equation, redox systems, electrochemical cells; DebyeHuckel theory; electrolytic conductance – Kohlrausch’s law and its applications; ionic equilibria; conductometric and potentiometric titrations. 
10. Chemical kinetics: Empirical rate laws and temperature dependence; complex reactions; steady state approximation; determination of reaction mechanisms; collision and transition state theories of rate constants; unimolecular reactions; enzyme kinetics; salt effects; homogeneous catalysis; photochemical reactions. 
11. Colloids and surfaces: Stability and properties of colloids; isotherms and surface area; heterogeneous catalysis. 
12. Solid state: Crystal structures; Bragg’s law and applications; band structure of solids. 
13. Polymer chemistry: Molar masses; kinetics of polymerization. 
14. Data analysis: Mean and standard deviation; absolute and relative errors; linear regression; covariance and correlation coefficient.
Organic Chemistry:
1. IUPAC nomenclature of organic molecules including regio- and stereoisomers.
2. Principles of stereochemistry: Configurational and conformational isomerism in acyclic and cyclic compounds; stereogenicity, stereoselectivity, enantioselectivity, diastereoselectivity and asymmetric induction.
3. Aromaticity: Benzenoid and non-benzenoid compounds – generation and reactions.
4. Organic reactive intermediates: Generation, stability and reactivity of carbocations, carbanions, free radicals, carbenes, benzynes and nitrenes.
5. Organic reaction mechanisms involving addition, elimination and substitution reactions with electrophilic, nucleophilic or radical species. Determination of reaction pathways.
6. Common named reactions and rearrangements – applications in organic synthesis.
7. Organic transformations and reagents: Functional group interconversion including oxidations and reductions; common catalysts and reagents (organic, inorganic, organometallic and enzymatic). Chemo, regio and stereoselective transformations.
8. Concepts in organic synthesis: Retrosynthesis, disconnection, synthons, linear and convergent synthesis, umpolung of reactivity and protecting groups.
9. Asymmetric synthesis: Chiral auxiliaries, methods of asymmetric induction – substrate, reagent and catalyst controlled reactions; determination of enantiomeric and diastereomeric excess; enantio-discrimination. Resolution – optical and kinetic.
10. Pericyclic reactions – electrocyclization, cycloaddition, sigmatropic rearrangements and other related concerted reactions. Principles and applications of photochemical reactions in organic chemistry.
11. Synthesis and reactivity of common heterocyclic compounds containing one or two heteroatoms (O, N, S).
12. Chemistry of natural products: Carbohydrates, proteins and peptides, fatty acids, nucleic acids, terpenes, steroids and alkaloids. Biogenesis of terpenoids and alkaloids.
13. Structure determination of organic compounds by IR, UV-Vis, 1 H & 13 C NMR and Mass spectroscopic techniques.

Interdisciplinary topics:

1. Chemistry in nanoscience and technology.
2. Catalysis and green chemistry.
3. Medicinal chemistry.
4. Supramolecular chemistry.
5. Environmental chemistry.

UGC NET JRF Exam Syllabus 2012

UGC NET Entrance Exam Syllabus

UGC NET  Syllabus for Computer Science And Application
UGC-NET-Syllabus for Adult and continuing Education and Extension
UGC-NET-Syllabus of Comparative Literature
UGC-NET-Syllabus for Arab Culture and Islamic Studies
UGC-NET-Syllabus for Archaeology
UGC-NET-Syllabus for Environmental Science
UGC-NET-Syllabus for Folk Literature
UGC-NET-Syllabus for Geography
UGC-NET-Syllabus for Human rights and Duties
UGC-NET-Syllabus for Indian Culture
UGC-NET-Syllabus for International and Area Studies
UGC-NET-Syllabus for Law
UGC-NET-Syllabus for Library and Information Science
UGC-NET-Syllabus for Mass Communication and Journalism
UGC-NET-Syllabus for museology and conservation
UGC-NET-Syllabus for Music
UGC-NET-Syllabus for performing arts,dance,drama,theatre
UGC-NET-Syllabus for Physical Education
UGC-NET-Syllabus for Tourism Administration and Management
UGC-NET-Syllabus for tribal-and-regional-language/literature
UGC-NET-Syllabus for Woman Studies

UGC NET Syllabus for Geography

UGC-NET-Syllabus

Subject: Geography

Note:
There will be two question papers, Paper-II and paper-III(Part A & Part B) paper –II will be cover 50 objective type question(Multiple type, matching type ,true/false, Assertion Reasoning type) carrying 100 marks Paper-III will have two parts Part-A and Part-B
Paper-III will have 10 short essay type question (300 words) carrying 16 marks ach. In it there will be one question with internal choice from each unit (i.e 10 question form 10 units Total marks will be 160) Paper-IIIB will be compulsory and there will be one question form each of the elective. The candidate will attempt only one question (One elective only in 800 words) carrying 40 marks. Total marks of paper-III will be 200

Paper-II

1. Geomorphology: Fundamental concepts, endogenetic and Exogenesis Denudation and weathering, geosynclines, Continental Drift and plate tectonics, Concept of geomorphic cycle, Landforms associated with fluvial , glacial arid, costal and karts cycles
2. Climatology: Composition and structure of the atmosphere, Heat budget of the earth, Distribution of temperature, Atmospheric pressure  ,circulation  of winds, Monsoon and jet stream, Tropical ma desperate cyclones, Classification of world climate , Koppen;s and Thornthwaite’s schemes
3. Oenology: Ocean deposits, Coral reefs, temperature and salinity of the oceans, Density of sea water, Tides and oceans currents
Bio-Geography: World distribution of plants and animals, Forms and function of ecosystem, Conservation  ad management of ecosystem, Problems of pollution
4. Geographies Thoughts: Genera character of Geographic knowledge during the ancient period and medieval period , Foundation of modern geography Determinism and possibilism, Arial Differentiation and spatial organization
5. Population Geography: Pattern of world distribution, growth a density of population , patterns and process of migration, demographic transition
Settlement Geography: Site , Situation , types, sizes, Spacing, and internal morphology of rural and urban settlements, Suty-region, primate city, Rank size rule, Settlement hierarchy, Christaller’s ,Central Place Theory, August Losch’s theory of market centers
6. Economic Epigraphy: Sectors of economy, Primary , secondary, tertiary and quaternary, Natural resources , Renewable mad non renewable
Measurement m of agriculture; productivity a deficiency, crop combination and diversification, Von thunen;s model
Classification of industries: Weber’s and Loashc’s approaches Resources based and footloose industries
Models of transportation and transport cost: Accessibility and connectivity
7. Political Geography: Heartland and Rimland theories, Boundaries ad frontiers, Nature of administrative areas and geography of public policy and finance
Social Geography: Ethnicity, tribe, dialect, language, caste and religion, concept of social well being
Cultural Geography: Culture areas and cultural regions, Human races , Habitat economy and Society of tribal groups

8. Regional Planning: Regional concept in geography, Concept of planning regions, Types of region, Methods of regional delineation, Regional planning n India, Indicator of development, Regional imbalance, Evolution, nature and scope of town planning with special referee to India, and fundamentals of Town and Country planning

9. Geography of India: Physiographic divisions, climate, its regional variations vegetation types and vegetation regions. Major soil types, irrigation and agriculture Population distribution and growth. Settlement patterns Mineral and power resources, major industries and industrial regions

10. Cartography: Types of maps: techniques for the study of spatial pattern of distribution , Chloroplast, Isopath, and chromatic maps and pie diagrams Mapping of location specific data, Accessibility and flow maps
Remote sensing and computer application n mapping, Digital mapping, Geographic information System (GIS)
Statistical Methods: Data sources and types of data, Frequency distribution and cumulative frequency , Measures of central tendency, Selection off class intervals for mapping, Measure of dispersion and concentration, Standard deviation , Lorenz curve. Methods o measuring association among, different attributes, Simple  and Multiple correlation , Regression
Nearest neighbor analysis, Scaling techniques, rank score, Weighted score sampling techniques for geographical analysis

Paper-III (Part A & B)

[Core and Elective/Optional]

Unit-I
Geomorphology: Fundamental concepts,Factro controlling landform development, Endogenetic and Exogenesis forces, Denudation process, Weathering and erosion, Geosynclines, Mountain building, Continental drift and plate tectonics, concept of Geomorphic cycle, Landforms associated with fluvial , glacial aroids coastal and karts cycles Scope forms and processes, Environmental and Applied geomorphology
Unit-II

Climatology: Composition and structure of the atmosphere, Insulation , Heat budget of the earth, Distribution of temperature, atmospheric pressure and generals circulation of winds, Monsoons and jet streams, Stability and instability of the atmosphere, Air masses, Fronts, temperate and tropical cyclones, Types and distribution of precipitation classification of world climate, Koppen’s and Thronthwaite’s scheme, Hydrological cycle, Global warming
Unit-III
Oenology: Origin of ocean basins, Bottom relief of Indian, Atlantic ad Pacific Oceans, Oceans deposits, Coral reefs, temperature and salinity of the Oceans, Density of sea water, tides and ocean currents, Sea level changes
Bio-Geography: Physical factors influencing world distribution of plants and animals, Forms and function of ecosystem, Forest , grassland, Marine, and mountain ecosystem, Neo-diversity and its depletion through natural and man induced causes, conservation ad management of ecosystem, Environment hazards and problems of pollution , Ozone depletion
Unit-IV
History of geographical Thought: General character of Geographic knowledge during the ancient and medieval period, Foundation of modern Geography, Contribution of German, Grenache British and American School, conceptual ad Methodological during the 20th century, changing paradigm  Man and environment, Determinism and possibilism, Arial differentiation and spatial organization, Quantitative revolution , Impact positivism, Humanism, Radicalism, and behaviouralism in geography
Unit-V
Population Geography: nature, scope, subject matter and recent trends, Patterns of world distribution growth and density of population, Policy issues, Pattern s and process of migration, Demographic transition, Population resources regions
Settlements Geography: Site, Situation, Size, spacing, and internal morphology of rural and urban settlements, Ecological processes of urban growth, Urban fringe city-region, Settlement system, Primate city, Trunk size rule, Settlement hierarchy Christaller’s central place, theory, August Losch’s theory of market centers
Unit-VI
Economic geography: location of economic activities and spatial organization of economies, classification of economics , Sectors of economy, primary, Secondary a tertiary, and Quaternary, Naturals resources, Renewable and non renewable conservation of resources
Agricultural Geography: Concept and techniques of decimation of agricultural; regions, Measurement of agricultural productivity and efficiency, Crop combination and diversification, Von Thunen;s Model Agricultural Systems of the world
Industrial geography: Classification of Industries, Weber’s and Loasch’s approaches based and footloose industries
geography of Transport and Trade: Models of transportation and transport cost, Accessibility and connectivity, Inter regional Intra regional Comparative cost advantages
Unit-VII
Political Geography: Definition and scope of Political geography, Geopolitics, global strategic views (Heartland and Rimland Theories)m, Concept of nation , State and Nation-state, Boundaries, and frontiers, Politics of world, resources, geography and Federalism
Social Geography: Nature, and scope of social geography. Social structure and social process, Element of Social geography-ethnicity, tribe, Dialect, Languages , caste, And religion, Concept o Social Well being
Cultural Geography: Nature and scope of Cultural Geography, Environment and Culture, Concept of culture areas and culture regions, Theories of tribal groups , Dwelling places as cultural expressions
Unit-VIII
Regional Planning: regional concept oh Geography, its application to planning, Concept of planning region, regional hierarchy, Types of region and methods of regional delineation, Conceptual and theoretical framework of regional planning, regional planning in India, Concept of development, Indicator of development regional imbalances
Unit-IX

Geography of India: Physiographic division , climate, its regional variations, Vegetation types ad vegetation regions, Major spoil types, Coastal and Maurine resources, Water resources, irrigation, Agriculture, Agroecoclimate regions, Mineral and power resources Major,indutrioes and industrial regions, Population distribution ad growth, Settlement pattern m, regional Disparities in Social and economic development
Unit-X
cartography: Map a s a tool in geographical studies: types of maps : techniques for the study  of a spatial pattern of distribution,. Single purpose and composite maps, Chloroplast, Isopleths, an Homochromatic maps and pie Diagrams, mapping of location specific data, Accessibility and flow maps
Remote sensing and computer application in mapping, Digital mapping  Geographic information system (GIS), Thematic maps
Statistical Methods: Data Sources and types of data, Satirical diagrams, Study of frequency distributions ad cumulative frequency, Measure of central tendency, Selection of class intervals for mapping, Measure of dispersion and concentration standard deviation, Lorenz curve, Methods of measuring association among different attributes, Simple and multiple correlation Regression
Measurement of spatial patters of distribution , Nearest neighbor analysis, Scaling techniques, rank score, weighted score, sampling techniques for geographical analysis

M.Sc CSIR UGC JRF CHEMISTRY SYALBS

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CSIR-NET JRF Chemistry Model PaperIII

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CSIR-NET JRF Chemistry Model PaperII Part-B

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