The Kiss: Good or Harmful for Your Health?

Before jumping in the arms of your boyfriend, it’s good to know that you can be affected by…caries. The experts claim that the caries are contagious, just as the cold is.

Lips are a part of our body that contains the most nerve endings, which makes them be the most sensitive organ.

Perhaps that’s why we like so much to kiss.

If you’re that type of person who never refuses a kiss, maybe you are interested to find out which are the kiss effects on your health.

Surprisingly, the kiss is very good for health. The touch of the lips and tongue in a passionate kiss help us to maintain a healthy smile increasing the production of saliva. The saliva acts as a natural lubricant, cleaning the teeth. It is weird, but very convenient, don’t you think?

The nicest part is that the kiss helps you to maintain your weight, burning up to 12 calories at every 5 second.

The Kiss Side Effects

Before jumping in the arms of your boyfriend, it’s good to know that you can be affected by…caries. The experts claim that the caries are contagious, just as the cold is.

The natural causes of caries include bacteria, sugar and rests of food, but you can increase the risk of caries by kissing someone who ignored the dentist.

The good part is that you can develop immunity to caries by kissing someone who is more prone to them.

5 Simple Steps On How to Impress a Girl

Lifestyle Tips for Cancer Prevention

• Be as lean as possible without becoming underweight.
• Be physically active for at least 30 minutes every day.
• Avoid sugary drinks, and limit consumption of high-calorie foods, especially those low in fiber and rich in fat or added sugar.
• Eat more of a variety of vegetables, fruits, whole grains, and legumes (such as beans).
• Limit consumption of red meats (including beef, pork, and lamb) and avoid processed meats.
• If you drink alcohol, limit your daily intake to two drinks for men and one drink for women.
• Limit consumption of salty foods and food processed with salt (sodium).
• Don't use supplements to try to protect against cancer.
• It's best for mothers to exclusively breastfeed their babies for up to six months and then add other liquids and foods.
• After treatment, cancer survivors should follow the recommendations for cancer prevention.

At the ADA meeting, experts provided practical tips for following those recom mendations, which were issued last year by the nonprofit American Institute for Cancer Research and its sister organization, the World Cancer Research Fund International.

3 Tips To Naturally Make Your Breasts Bigger

1. Eat Estrogen-Rich Foods

Estrogen may be a hormone which supplies ladies their feminine options. throughout puberty, this hormone is released into our bodies to assist them develop from those of women into bodies of girls. Estrogen is chargeable for beginning your menstrual cycle, providing you with curves and growing your breasts. However, if you do not have enough Estrogen in your body, your breasts won't develop to the complete form that some do. this can be an enormous drawback that is chargeable for most girls having tiny or below developed breasts.

Luckily, you'll be able to supplement Estrogen in your body by consuming it from the foods and plants around you. as a result of Estrogen may be a naturally occurring substance, you'll be able to truly get it from the likes of flax seeds, soy beans and Tofu to call simply three. There are thousands of foods that contain "Phyto Estrogens" (literally translated as "plant estrogens"), which can facilitate grow your breasts.

2. Massage Your Breasts

Getting additional Estrogen into your body is one factor, however channeling that development power into your breasts is another factor altogether. many ladies constrict their breasts with tight tops and wrongly-fitting bras, creating them droopy and flat. this can be a drag as a result of it cuts off the circulation to your breasts, creating them less receptive to grow and develop.

To combat this, certify you massage your breasts by putting your hands on each of them and then moving them around. this may improve circulation and can additionally build the fatty tissue within them additional spongy, creating them seem to be larger. you'll even get your partner to try to to this for you each night... simply certify you are doing 360 rotations.

3. Perform Chest-Boosting Exercises

Underneath the breasts are a variety of muscles referred to as the "pectorals". These are constant "pecs" that men have, and by performing exercises like push ups or chest presses, you'll be able to truly build your pecs additional outlined and tight, pushing the breasts up and creating them seem to be larger. this can be one amongst the best and only ways that to create your breasts look larger.

Simple Steps On How to Impress a Girl

...

After years of teaching guys dating recommendation round the world, I even have return up with a number of the most effective ways in which to show them a way to impress a woman.

What really gets a woman to love you, and the way are you able to restore at it?

Well the primary issue we'd like to try and do is break down what causes attraction, and the way to actually get that woman at your beckon decision.

Expression not Impression

Actually to speak specifically of impressing a woman, it’s quite a loaded statement.

Something I typically observe is that you simply need to be the customer, not the vendor in an interaction.

If you're attempting to impress her, what will that say concerning how you read her compared to yourself?

The goal is to truly get to the purpose where SHE is impressing YOU.

Easier said than done.

This is where ideas like Extreme Self Love return into play, and dealing on your MINDSET.

But since you're here for specifically as a result of you asked a way to impress a woman, here are 5 fast steps…

1.  Speak LOUD!

-Loud could be a sign that you simply are unstifled, and comfortable along with your surroundings.  It shows that you simply are comfy talking to her, and have talked to alternative women simply as cute as she is, creating her feel a lot of attracted.

2.  Take up area.

-Get big.  Have a presence. produce an aura.  The a lot of physical area you'll take up each as you speak and seated, the a lot of it conveys that you simply don't seem to be insecure concerning your surroundings, a really engaging trait.

3.  Maintain Eye Contact.

-One of the primary issue a woman appearance at when attempting to see if you're a high worth engaging man is what proportion you're able to maintain eye contact as you consult with her.  Hold it sturdy, even once you feel uncomfortable, get used to holding.

4.  Have FUN!

-Stress is an indicator that your life isn't handled. the foremost high worth engaging guys have their shit along and feel comfortable within the world. they'll commemorate as a result of they need very little to fret concerning.

5.  Convey your Intent.

-Most guys are afraid to indicate that they really just like the woman, however if you'll authentically show that you simply like her, and are willing to be vulnerable, it conveys huge worth.

-Most guys are afraid to indicate that they really just like the woman, however if you'll authentically show that you simply like her, and are willing to be vulnerable, it conveys huge worth.

Top 10 Health Benefits Of Sex

Top 10 Health Benefits Of Sex

Top 10 health benefits of sex

1. Sex burns calories

30 minutes of sex burns 85 calories or more. There’s a reason for you to make your lovemaking last longer and do it more regularly. You’ll not only feel great, you would’ve burnt off some unwanted calories as well!

Sex is better when it’s safe. 

2. Helps to reduce stress

Sexual intercourse helps to reduce blood pressure and this further leads to a reduction in stress levels.

3. Increases hormones

Regular sex leads to an increase in testosterone in men, which helps fortify bones and muscle. In women, regular sex leads to a rise in the hormone oestrogen, which is one of the most important safeguards against heart disease.

4. Boosts immunity

Studies have found that people who have sex once or twice a week have 30 per cent higher levels of the antibody immunoglobulin A, which boosts the immune system and helps fight infections like colds and the flu.

5. Helps you live longer

A study conducted at Queens University in Belfast, Ireland tracked one thousand middle-aged men over 10 years. The findings revealed that those who had had orgasms frequently lived longer than those who were not quite so active.

6. Sex improves heart health

Contrary to misconceptions held by those with heart disease, sex is actually safe for most heart patients. Experts say that if you can walk up two flights of stairs without going out of breath, you can safely have sex.

That’s not all! Those who regularly have sex have lower blood pressure and cholesterol and an increased circulation.

7. Strengthens Pelvic Floor Muscles

When women have sex, they’re unconsciously doing Kegel exercises which are good for many things including improved bladder control.

What are Kegel exercises? Find out

8. Boosts self-esteem

A good sexual experience has many mental benefits as well, including making you feel good about yourself. Some studies have shown that it even makes a woman feel younger. Now who doesn’t want that!

9. Improves intimacy

Besides the obvious closeness and intimacy that comes with sex, having an orgasm increases levels of a hormone called oxytocin. This is also called the love hormone as it helps humans bond and build trust.

10. Sex for better sleep

The increase in oxytocin as a result of sex helps you sleep better. Maybe that’s why couples like to cuddle and sleep after an invigorating roll in the hay!

How to Have Phone Sex (Even if You're Shy)

You're talking on the phone, when suddenly your lover asks: "So ... what are you wearing this night?" The next thing you know, his voice is lower, he's breathing heavily, and he's waiting for you to ...

"I'm touching you baby very slowly" 

Actually, not all girls were blessed with a throaty voice, a sailor's vocabulary, and the confidence to get hot and heavy over the phone. That's why we asked "Monika," a real live phone-sex operator, for tips on what guys like ... and how to raise your phone-sex comfort level if you're the shy type. 

Get Comfortable

Find a place where you can talk perfectly -- or do other things, wink wink -- in privacy. Turn out the room lights, or fill the bathtub with bubbles -- whatever makes you feel less vulnerable and more relaxed.

Sex Up Your Voice

Please speak a bit more slowly than usual -- think breathy and sexy mood. This will help you get in the hot mood, and it keeps your nosy roommate from overhearing. A glass of wine or whiskey may help, but don't overindulge. You want to sound sultry, not slurred. 

Always Embellish

So you're sitting around in sweats, a holey T-shirt and an avocado mask. But as far as he's concerned, you're wearing head-to-toe Agent Provocateur. 

Monika's clients always want to know what she's wearing, so she offers detailed descriptions, whether it's patent leather boots on a dominatrix or a sexy schoolgirl uniform (a good place to start if the thought makes you nervous). 

Be Enthusiastic

"Enthusiasm goes a long way," says Monika. "Men want to feel like you're enjoying the sexy talk as much as they are, and that you're into their fantasy. Just go along for the ride." 

If you're too shy to share, keep the momentum going by lowering your voice and asking, "And then what would you do to me?" Moaning, lustful sighing, saying his name and compliments also work wonders.

Don't Freak

He wants to do what?!? Not everything he whispers into the phone will be something you're totally up for. But even when Monika hears a bizarre or request from one of her clients, she's careful to not sound shocked or mocking. 

She recommends "chuckling knowingly" rather than laughing if something takes you by surprise. "Try to be as natural as possible, and react normally to things." Just go with the flow (those moans we mentioned) so he won't feel judged. 

However, if you are really uncomfortable with what he's saying, it's more than fine to end the conversation or change topics to something you enjoy. 

Get Graphic

In Monika's line of work, the language is no-holds-barred ("There's no room for coyness," she explains). Using, ahem, colorful euphemisms can heighten the down-and-dirty factor of your conversation. 

If you're not the potty-mouth type, do try to find "grown-up" words that you're comfortable with. Even penis is better than the ego-deflating "weenie." Another trick? Have him describe each step first, then coo it back to him -- letting him steer the language can take the pressure off you to perform orally.

Don't Be Afraid to Take the Lead

Want to share a fantasy of your own? Spill it, sister! "Men like to be told what happens next," says Monika. "And they want to know what you like, because they get turned on even more when you're turned on." 

Tell your guy what you're imagining him doing to you; it's about your fantasies too. Monika says that even when she's inadvertently crossed the line (say, asking if he wants to be spanked when that's not his thing), it's easy to bounce back. Just switch back to a fantasy you've heard him mention and he'll have forgotten about it in no time.

Million Children Die Each Year in India Before They Reach Age Five

It’s a rough life as a young child in India

Despite India’s economic prosperity, nearly two million children under the age of five, die every year in the country, the highest number anywhere in the world, a media report said today.

More than half of them die the month after birth and 400,000 in their first 24 hours, The Observer said based on a report by an international NGO ‘Save the Children’.

Even in the national capital, Delhi, where an estimated 20 per cent of people live in slums, the infant mortality rate was reported to have doubled in a year, it said.

“The difference between rich and poor is huge. In a city like Delhi it is starker because we have got state-of-the-art hospitals and women giving birth under flyovers. The health services have failed to deliver,” Shireen Miller, Head policy and advocacy of the NGO in India said.

The report also revealed that the poor are disproportionately affected and accused the country of failing to provide adequate healthcare for the impoverished majority of one billion people.

Malnutrition, neonatal diseases, diarrhoea and pneumonia were identified as the major causes of death.

“For many poor parents and their children, seeking medical help is a luxury and health services are often too far away,” Miller said

The report said nearly nine million children die worldwide every year before the age of five. India has the highest number of deaths, with China on the fifth place.

Despite India’s economic prosperity, nearly two million children under the age of five, die every year in the country, the highest number anywhere in the world, a media report said today.

More than half of them die the month after birth and 400,000 in their first 24 hours, The Observer said based on a report by an international NGO ‘Save the Children’.
Even in the national capital, Delhi, where an estimated 20 per cent of people live in slums, the infant mortality rate was reported to have doubled in a year, it said.
“The difference between rich and poor is huge. In a city like Delhi it is starker because we have got state-of-the-art hospitals and women giving birth under flyovers. The health services have failed to deliver,” Shireen Miller, Head policy and advocacy of the NGO in India said.
The report also revealed that the poor are disproportionately affected and accused the country of failing to provide adequate healthcare for the impoverished majority of one billion people.
Malnutrition, neonatal diseases, diarrhoea and pneumonia were identified as the major causes of death.
“For many poor parents and their children, seeking medical help is a luxury and health services are often too far away,” Miller said
The report said nearly nine million children die worldwide every year before the age of five. India has the highest number of deaths, with China on the fifth place.

20 th agust in bilaspur

GURU GHASIDAS university final year M.Sc CHEMISTRY PAPER I syllabus

GURU GHASIDAS UNIVERSITY CHEMISTRY SYLLABUS

CSIR NET JRF CHEMITRY SYLLABUS FROM 2011

The syllabus for CSIR NET and GATE exams including other exams for Ph.D entrance exams is almost same. The common syllabus for both part B & C of CSIR NET exam in chemical sciences is given below.

Inorganic Chemistry :

1. Chemical periodicity
2. Structure and bonding in homo- and heteronuclear molecules, including shapes of molecules (VSEPR Theory).
3. Concepts of acids and bases, Hard-Soft acid base concept, Non-aqueous solvents.
4. Main group elements and their compounds: Allotropy, synthesis, structure and bonding, industrial importance of the compounds.
5. Transition elements and coordination compounds: structure, bonding theories, spectral and magnetic properties, reaction mechanisms.
6. Inner transition elements: spectral and magnetic properties, redox chemistry, analytical applications.
7. Organometallic compounds: synthesis, bonding and structure, and reactivity. Organometallics in homogeneous catalysis.
8. Cages and metal clusters.
9. Analytical chemistry- separation, spectroscopic, electro- and thermoanalytical methods.
10. Bioinorganic chemistry: photosystems, porphyrins, metalloenzymes, oxygen transport, electron- transfer reactions; nitrogen fixation, metal complexes in medicine.
11. Characterisation of inorganic compounds by IR, Raman, NMR, EPR, Mössbauer, UV-vis, NQR, MS, electron spectroscopy and microscopic techniques.
12. Nuclear chemistry: nuclear reactions, fission and fusion, radio-analytical techniques and activation analysis.

Physical Chemistry:

1. Basic principles of quantum mechanics: Postulates; operator algebra; exactly- solvable systems: particle-in-a-box, harmonic oscillator and the hydrogen atom, including shapes of atomic orbitals; orbital and spin angular momenta; tunneling. 
2. Approximate methods of quantum mechanics: Variational principle; perturbation theory up to second order in energy; applications. 
3. Atomic structure and spectroscopy; term symbols; many-electron systems and anti-symmetry principle. 
4. Chemical bonding in diatomics; elementary concepts of MO and VB theories; Huckel theory for conjugated p-electron systems. 
5. Chemical applications of group theory; symmetry elements; point groups; character tables; selection rules.
6. Molecular spectroscopy: Rotational and vibrational spectra of diatomic molecules; electronic spectra; IR and Raman activities – selection rules; basic principles of magnetic resonance. 
7. Chemical thermodynamics: Laws, state and path functions and their applications; thermodynamic description of various types of processes; Maxwell’s relations; spontaneity and equilibria; temperature and pressure dependence of thermodynamic quantities; Le Chatelier principle; elementary description of phase transitions; phase equilibria and phase rule; thermodynamics of ideal and non-ideal gases, and solutions. 
8. Statistical thermodynamics: Boltzmann distribution; kinetic theory of gases; partition functions and their relation to thermodynamic quantities – calculations for model systems. 
9. Electrochemistry: Nernst equation, redox systems, electrochemical cells; DebyeHuckel theory; electrolytic conductance – Kohlrausch’s law and its applications; ionic equilibria; conductometric and potentiometric titrations. 
10. Chemical kinetics: Empirical rate laws and temperature dependence; complex reactions; steady state approximation; determination of reaction mechanisms; collision and transition state theories of rate constants; unimolecular reactions; enzyme kinetics; salt effects; homogeneous catalysis; photochemical reactions. 
11. Colloids and surfaces: Stability and properties of colloids; isotherms and surface area; heterogeneous catalysis. 
12. Solid state: Crystal structures; Bragg’s law and applications; band structure of solids. 
13. Polymer chemistry: Molar masses; kinetics of polymerization. 
14. Data analysis: Mean and standard deviation; absolute and relative errors; linear regression; covariance and correlation coefficient.
Organic Chemistry:
1. IUPAC nomenclature of organic molecules including regio- and stereoisomers.
2. Principles of stereochemistry: Configurational and conformational isomerism in acyclic and cyclic compounds; stereogenicity, stereoselectivity, enantioselectivity, diastereoselectivity and asymmetric induction.
3. Aromaticity: Benzenoid and non-benzenoid compounds – generation and reactions.
4. Organic reactive intermediates: Generation, stability and reactivity of carbocations, carbanions, free radicals, carbenes, benzynes and nitrenes.
5. Organic reaction mechanisms involving addition, elimination and substitution reactions with electrophilic, nucleophilic or radical species. Determination of reaction pathways.
6. Common named reactions and rearrangements – applications in organic synthesis.
7. Organic transformations and reagents: Functional group interconversion including oxidations and reductions; common catalysts and reagents (organic, inorganic, organometallic and enzymatic). Chemo, regio and stereoselective transformations.
8. Concepts in organic synthesis: Retrosynthesis, disconnection, synthons, linear and convergent synthesis, umpolung of reactivity and protecting groups.
9. Asymmetric synthesis: Chiral auxiliaries, methods of asymmetric induction – substrate, reagent and catalyst controlled reactions; determination of enantiomeric and diastereomeric excess; enantio-discrimination. Resolution – optical and kinetic.
10. Pericyclic reactions – electrocyclization, cycloaddition, sigmatropic rearrangements and other related concerted reactions. Principles and applications of photochemical reactions in organic chemistry.
11. Synthesis and reactivity of common heterocyclic compounds containing one or two heteroatoms (O, N, S).
12. Chemistry of natural products: Carbohydrates, proteins and peptides, fatty acids, nucleic acids, terpenes, steroids and alkaloids. Biogenesis of terpenoids and alkaloids.
13. Structure determination of organic compounds by IR, UV-Vis, 1 H & 13 C NMR and Mass spectroscopic techniques.

Interdisciplinary topics:

1. Chemistry in nanoscience and technology.
2. Catalysis and green chemistry.
3. Medicinal chemistry.
4. Supramolecular chemistry.
5. Environmental chemistry.

SUGGESTED BOOKS FOR CSIR UGC NET & GATE CHEMICAL SCIENCES

The best suggestion to crack any exam is to go through the textbooks written by authorities in the respective fields. Following is a list of textbooks in different areas of chemical sciences. Actual list is very vast. But it is better to go through only few books that are followed by our universities and IITs and those which are the best in the industry.

INORGANIC CHEMISTRY BOOKS
1) Inorganic chemistry by Shriver & Atkins (most of the IITs suggest this book)
2) Inorganic chemistry by Catherine E. Housecroft (Another favourite of IIT professors)
3) Inorganic chemistry by Miessler (I like this book for simple and straight forward explanation)
4) Inorganic chemistry: Principles of structure and reactivity by James E. Huheey (Enjoyable reading)
5) Advanced inorganic chemistry by F. Albert Cotton & Geoffrey Wilkinson (Must for an inorganic chemist)
6) The organometallic chemistry of the transition metals by Robert H. Crabtree
7) NMR, NQR, EPR & MOSSBAUER Spectroscopy in inorganic chemistry by R.V.Parish
8) Biological inorganic chemistry: An introduction by Robert R.Chrichton
9) Bioinorganic chemistry: A short course by Rosette M. Roat-Malone

ORGANIC CHEMISTRY BOOKS
1) Organic chemistry by Clayden, Greeves, Warren & Wothers (Enjoy reading this book)
2) Modern methods of organic synthesis by William Carruthers & Iain Coldham (Refer this book for advanced organic synthesis)
3) Organic chemistry by John McMurry (Must read for basics)
4) Organic chemistry by L.G.Wade, JR (Another book for basics)
5) Advanced organic chemistry by J March (A must reference book)
6) Pericyclic reactions by Ian Fleming
7) Modern organic synthesis: An introduction by Michael H. Nantz (Another good book with straight forward explanations)
8) Spectrometric identification of organic compounds by Robert M. Silverstein
9) Introduction to organic photochemistry by John D. Coyle
10) Advanced organic chemistry (Part A & B) by Francis A. Carey & Richard J. Sundberg (Another reference book for organic synthesis)
11) Named organic reactions by Thomas laue & Andreas Plagens

PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY BOOKS
1) Physical chemistry by P.W. Atkins & Julio De Paula
2) Physical chemistry by Ira N. Levine
3) Physical chemistry by Robert G. Mortimer

CSIR NET?

CSIR-UGC (NET) EXAM FOR AWARD OF JUNIOR RESEARCH FELLOWSHIP AND ELIGIBILITY FOR LECTURERSHIP:



EXAM SCHEME FOR SINGLE PAPER CSIR-UGC NET Exam:

CSIR-UGC NET Exam for Science stream is conducted by CSIR in the following areas: -

1. Chemical Sciences

2. Earth Sciences

3. Life Sciences

4. Mathematical Sciences

5. Physical Sciences


The pattern for the Single Paper MCQ test shall be as given below:-


v The MCQ test paper of each subject shall carry a maximum of 200 marks.

v The exam shall be for duration of three hours.

v The question paper shall be divided in three parts



Ø Part 'A' shall be common to all subjects. This part shall be a test containing a maximum of 20 questions of General Aptitude. The candidates shall be required to answer any 15 questions of two marks each. The total marks allocated to this section shall be 30 out of 200



Ø Part 'B' shall contain subject-related conventional MCQs. The total marks allocated to this section shall be 70 out of 200. The maximum number of questions to be attempted shall be in the range of 20-35.



Ø Part 'C' shall contain higher value questions that may test the candidate's knowledge of scientific concepts and/or application of the scientific concepts. The questions shall be of analytical nature where a candidate is expected to apply the scientific knowledge to arrive at the solution to the given scientific problem. The total marks allocated to this section shall be 100 out of 200.

Ø A negative marking for wrong answers, wherever required, shall be @ 25%


NB: In all the subject areas of the NET the actual number of questions asked and to be attempted in each section may vary from exam to exam.

UGC NET JRF Exam Syllabus 2012

UGC NET Entrance Exam Syllabus

UGC NET  Syllabus for Computer Science And Application
UGC-NET-Syllabus for Adult and continuing Education and Extension
UGC-NET-Syllabus of Comparative Literature
UGC-NET-Syllabus for Arab Culture and Islamic Studies
UGC-NET-Syllabus for Archaeology
UGC-NET-Syllabus for Environmental Science
UGC-NET-Syllabus for Folk Literature
UGC-NET-Syllabus for Geography
UGC-NET-Syllabus for Human rights and Duties
UGC-NET-Syllabus for Indian Culture
UGC-NET-Syllabus for International and Area Studies
UGC-NET-Syllabus for Law
UGC-NET-Syllabus for Library and Information Science
UGC-NET-Syllabus for Mass Communication and Journalism
UGC-NET-Syllabus for museology and conservation
UGC-NET-Syllabus for Music
UGC-NET-Syllabus for performing arts,dance,drama,theatre
UGC-NET-Syllabus for Physical Education
UGC-NET-Syllabus for Tourism Administration and Management
UGC-NET-Syllabus for tribal-and-regional-language/literature
UGC-NET-Syllabus for Woman Studies

UGC NET Syllabus for Geography

UGC-NET-Syllabus

Subject: Geography

Note:
There will be two question papers, Paper-II and paper-III(Part A & Part B) paper –II will be cover 50 objective type question(Multiple type, matching type ,true/false, Assertion Reasoning type) carrying 100 marks Paper-III will have two parts Part-A and Part-B
Paper-III will have 10 short essay type question (300 words) carrying 16 marks ach. In it there will be one question with internal choice from each unit (i.e 10 question form 10 units Total marks will be 160) Paper-IIIB will be compulsory and there will be one question form each of the elective. The candidate will attempt only one question (One elective only in 800 words) carrying 40 marks. Total marks of paper-III will be 200

Paper-II

1. Geomorphology: Fundamental concepts, endogenetic and Exogenesis Denudation and weathering, geosynclines, Continental Drift and plate tectonics, Concept of geomorphic cycle, Landforms associated with fluvial , glacial arid, costal and karts cycles
2. Climatology: Composition and structure of the atmosphere, Heat budget of the earth, Distribution of temperature, Atmospheric pressure  ,circulation  of winds, Monsoon and jet stream, Tropical ma desperate cyclones, Classification of world climate , Koppen;s and Thornthwaite’s schemes
3. Oenology: Ocean deposits, Coral reefs, temperature and salinity of the oceans, Density of sea water, Tides and oceans currents
Bio-Geography: World distribution of plants and animals, Forms and function of ecosystem, Conservation  ad management of ecosystem, Problems of pollution
4. Geographies Thoughts: Genera character of Geographic knowledge during the ancient period and medieval period , Foundation of modern geography Determinism and possibilism, Arial Differentiation and spatial organization
5. Population Geography: Pattern of world distribution, growth a density of population , patterns and process of migration, demographic transition
Settlement Geography: Site , Situation , types, sizes, Spacing, and internal morphology of rural and urban settlements, Suty-region, primate city, Rank size rule, Settlement hierarchy, Christaller’s ,Central Place Theory, August Losch’s theory of market centers
6. Economic Epigraphy: Sectors of economy, Primary , secondary, tertiary and quaternary, Natural resources , Renewable mad non renewable
Measurement m of agriculture; productivity a deficiency, crop combination and diversification, Von thunen;s model
Classification of industries: Weber’s and Loashc’s approaches Resources based and footloose industries
Models of transportation and transport cost: Accessibility and connectivity
7. Political Geography: Heartland and Rimland theories, Boundaries ad frontiers, Nature of administrative areas and geography of public policy and finance
Social Geography: Ethnicity, tribe, dialect, language, caste and religion, concept of social well being
Cultural Geography: Culture areas and cultural regions, Human races , Habitat economy and Society of tribal groups

8. Regional Planning: Regional concept in geography, Concept of planning regions, Types of region, Methods of regional delineation, Regional planning n India, Indicator of development, Regional imbalance, Evolution, nature and scope of town planning with special referee to India, and fundamentals of Town and Country planning

9. Geography of India: Physiographic divisions, climate, its regional variations vegetation types and vegetation regions. Major soil types, irrigation and agriculture Population distribution and growth. Settlement patterns Mineral and power resources, major industries and industrial regions

10. Cartography: Types of maps: techniques for the study of spatial pattern of distribution , Chloroplast, Isopath, and chromatic maps and pie diagrams Mapping of location specific data, Accessibility and flow maps
Remote sensing and computer application n mapping, Digital mapping, Geographic information System (GIS)
Statistical Methods: Data sources and types of data, Frequency distribution and cumulative frequency , Measures of central tendency, Selection off class intervals for mapping, Measure of dispersion and concentration, Standard deviation , Lorenz curve. Methods o measuring association among, different attributes, Simple  and Multiple correlation , Regression
Nearest neighbor analysis, Scaling techniques, rank score, Weighted score sampling techniques for geographical analysis

Paper-III (Part A & B)

[Core and Elective/Optional]

Unit-I
Geomorphology: Fundamental concepts,Factro controlling landform development, Endogenetic and Exogenesis forces, Denudation process, Weathering and erosion, Geosynclines, Mountain building, Continental drift and plate tectonics, concept of Geomorphic cycle, Landforms associated with fluvial , glacial aroids coastal and karts cycles Scope forms and processes, Environmental and Applied geomorphology
Unit-II

Climatology: Composition and structure of the atmosphere, Insulation , Heat budget of the earth, Distribution of temperature, atmospheric pressure and generals circulation of winds, Monsoons and jet streams, Stability and instability of the atmosphere, Air masses, Fronts, temperate and tropical cyclones, Types and distribution of precipitation classification of world climate, Koppen’s and Thronthwaite’s scheme, Hydrological cycle, Global warming
Unit-III
Oenology: Origin of ocean basins, Bottom relief of Indian, Atlantic ad Pacific Oceans, Oceans deposits, Coral reefs, temperature and salinity of the Oceans, Density of sea water, tides and ocean currents, Sea level changes
Bio-Geography: Physical factors influencing world distribution of plants and animals, Forms and function of ecosystem, Forest , grassland, Marine, and mountain ecosystem, Neo-diversity and its depletion through natural and man induced causes, conservation ad management of ecosystem, Environment hazards and problems of pollution , Ozone depletion
Unit-IV
History of geographical Thought: General character of Geographic knowledge during the ancient and medieval period, Foundation of modern Geography, Contribution of German, Grenache British and American School, conceptual ad Methodological during the 20th century, changing paradigm  Man and environment, Determinism and possibilism, Arial differentiation and spatial organization, Quantitative revolution , Impact positivism, Humanism, Radicalism, and behaviouralism in geography
Unit-V
Population Geography: nature, scope, subject matter and recent trends, Patterns of world distribution growth and density of population, Policy issues, Pattern s and process of migration, Demographic transition, Population resources regions
Settlements Geography: Site, Situation, Size, spacing, and internal morphology of rural and urban settlements, Ecological processes of urban growth, Urban fringe city-region, Settlement system, Primate city, Trunk size rule, Settlement hierarchy Christaller’s central place, theory, August Losch’s theory of market centers
Unit-VI
Economic geography: location of economic activities and spatial organization of economies, classification of economics , Sectors of economy, primary, Secondary a tertiary, and Quaternary, Naturals resources, Renewable and non renewable conservation of resources
Agricultural Geography: Concept and techniques of decimation of agricultural; regions, Measurement of agricultural productivity and efficiency, Crop combination and diversification, Von Thunen;s Model Agricultural Systems of the world
Industrial geography: Classification of Industries, Weber’s and Loasch’s approaches based and footloose industries
geography of Transport and Trade: Models of transportation and transport cost, Accessibility and connectivity, Inter regional Intra regional Comparative cost advantages
Unit-VII
Political Geography: Definition and scope of Political geography, Geopolitics, global strategic views (Heartland and Rimland Theories)m, Concept of nation , State and Nation-state, Boundaries, and frontiers, Politics of world, resources, geography and Federalism
Social Geography: Nature, and scope of social geography. Social structure and social process, Element of Social geography-ethnicity, tribe, Dialect, Languages , caste, And religion, Concept o Social Well being
Cultural Geography: Nature and scope of Cultural Geography, Environment and Culture, Concept of culture areas and culture regions, Theories of tribal groups , Dwelling places as cultural expressions
Unit-VIII
Regional Planning: regional concept oh Geography, its application to planning, Concept of planning region, regional hierarchy, Types of region and methods of regional delineation, Conceptual and theoretical framework of regional planning, regional planning in India, Concept of development, Indicator of development regional imbalances
Unit-IX

Geography of India: Physiographic division , climate, its regional variations, Vegetation types ad vegetation regions, Major spoil types, Coastal and Maurine resources, Water resources, irrigation, Agriculture, Agroecoclimate regions, Mineral and power resources Major,indutrioes and industrial regions, Population distribution ad growth, Settlement pattern m, regional Disparities in Social and economic development
Unit-X
cartography: Map a s a tool in geographical studies: types of maps : techniques for the study  of a spatial pattern of distribution,. Single purpose and composite maps, Chloroplast, Isopleths, an Homochromatic maps and pie Diagrams, mapping of location specific data, Accessibility and flow maps
Remote sensing and computer application in mapping, Digital mapping  Geographic information system (GIS), Thematic maps
Statistical Methods: Data Sources and types of data, Satirical diagrams, Study of frequency distributions ad cumulative frequency, Measure of central tendency, Selection of class intervals for mapping, Measure of dispersion and concentration standard deviation, Lorenz curve, Methods of measuring association among different attributes, Simple and multiple correlation Regression
Measurement of spatial patters of distribution , Nearest neighbor analysis, Scaling techniques, rank score, weighted score, sampling techniques for geographical analysis

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